When is an officer permitted to search a motor vehicle and its containers?

An officer is permitted to search a motor vehicle and its containers whenever probable cause exists to believe that contraband is present. Probable cause is a legal standard that requires a reasonable belief, based on facts or evidence, that a crime has been, is being, or will be committed. In the context of vehicle searches, this usually arises from observable circumstances, a reliable informant’s tip, or the officer's training and experience which suggest that illegal items, such as drugs or weapons, are in the vehicle.

For example, if an officer observes suspicious behavior such as the detection of a strong odor of marijuana, the presence of illegal substances, or other clear signs of illegal activity, this would provide the necessary probable cause to lawfully search the vehicle and any containers within it.

In contrast, reasons such as how long the vehicle has been parked or a passenger's nervous demeanor do not establish probable cause sufficient for a search; these factors are often considered in totality but do not independently justify a search. Similarly, routine patrol does not in itself grant officers the authority to search vehicles without a valid reason or probable cause.