What distinguishes bias-based profiling from criminal profiling?

The distinction between bias-based profiling and criminal profiling primarily revolves around the foundations on which each is built. Criminal profiling relies on a set of observed behaviors and characteristics typically associated with criminal activity. It utilizes evidence of past cases to identify patterns and characteristics that may suggest an individual is likely to commit a crime, focusing on the actions and behaviors of a suspect rather than their demographic attributes.

In contrast, bias-based profiling hinges on preconceived notions or stereotypes about specific demographic groups. This form of profiling leads to the targeting of individuals based solely on their race, ethnicity, gender, or other inherent characteristics rather than any criminal behavior or evidence. Consequently, while bias-based profiling can involve demographics, it lacks the data-driven, behavioral basis that characterizes criminal profiling.

Thus, it is accurate to state that criminal profiling is fundamentally grounded in specific behavioral patterns, making option B the correct choice. This highlights the importance of focusing on observable actions and traits rather than unfounded assumptions about individuals based on their background.