What are some sources of information to establish probable cause for a warrantless arrest?

Probable cause for a warrantless arrest is established through a combination of credible sources of information that an officer can rely on at the moment. The correct answer highlights that both personal observations by the officer and information from informant tips constitute valid sources to establish probable cause.

Personal observations involve the officer witnessing behaviors or activities that indicate a crime is likely being committed. This firsthand information lends immediate credibility and urgency to the officer’s assessment. Informant tips, which can come from individuals who may have reliable information about criminal activity, supplement the officer’s observations. When both types of information are considered together, they create a stronger justification for the officer to make an arrest without a warrant.

Other options were limited in their scope: while personal observations alone are significant, they do not account for additional insights from informants that could clarify or reinforce the perceived criminal activity. Relying solely on statements from bystanders also narrows the possible evidence and overlooks the comprehensive approach needed to assess probable cause effectively. Moreover, stating that no sources are necessary overlooks the legal requirement to support arrests with sufficient justification. Together, these elements illustrate the importance of gathering diverse and corroborative sources of information in establishing probable cause.