Under the criteria for abduction, which action is considered illegal?

The action that is considered illegal under the criteria for abduction is restraining someone’s liberty through threats. Abduction involves the unlawful taking or carrying away of a person against their will, and this often includes exerting control over an individual through intimidation or threats. Such actions compromise an individual's freedom to move and can create a situation of fear and coercion, which encapsulates the criminal nature of abduction laws.

In contrast, using deceit to gain property relates more to theft or fraud rather than abduction, as it does not directly involve a person’s liberty. Causing emotional distress, while potentially harmful and actionable in some contexts, does not meet the legal definition of abduction. Similarly, while removing someone from their home without consent could be illegal, it does not directly relate to the principles of abduction as it doesn't inherently involve the restraint of liberty through threats or force.